Labor Exploitation vs. Labor Trafficking

ILO (2021). “What is Forced Labour, Modern Slavery and human trafficking?”

Piper, Segrave, Napier-Moore (2015). ‘Editorial: What’s in a Name? Distinguishing forced labour, trafficking and slavery’, Anti-Trafficking Review.

Kiss, Zimmerman (2019). Human trafficking and labor exploitation: Toward identifying, implementing, and evaluating effective responses. PLoS Med.

Cockbain, Bowers, Dimitrova (2018). Human trafficking for labour exploitation: the results of a two-phase systematic review mapping the European evidence base and synthesising key scientific research evidence. J Exp Criminol.

Dominguez, E. Y., Sandal, M. E., Pukalo, L. M., & Roe-Sepowitz, D. (2025). A Comprehensive Analysis of Labor Trafficking Cases in the United States: An 11-Year Review. Crime & Delinquency.