Legal Approaches to Trafficking (US vs EU)

Carr, B., Milgram, A., Kim, K., and Warnath, S., Human Trafficking Law and Policy, New Providence, NJ, LexisNexis, 2014. 

Cooper, F.I., van Bemmel, S.R., van der Leun, J.P. et al. (2021).Factors that influence the criminal justice response to human trafficking: a systematic review of North American and European studies. Crime Law Soc Change 82.

Congressional Research Service (2021). Human Trafficking: Key Federal Criminal Statutes.

European Parliament (2023). Revision of Directive 2011/36/EU on preventing and combating trafficking in human beings and protecting its victims

and Understanding EU action against human trafficking. 

European Commission (2020). Directorate-General for Migration and Home Affairs, Study on the economic, social and human costs of trafficking in human beings within the EU. Available at: https://data.europa.eu/doi/10.2837/3428 

Economic Policy Institute (2025). Child Labour Standards. State Solutions to the U.S. worker rights crisis.

EUROPOL (2022). EU Policy Cycle – EMPACT. 

European Commission (2024). Legal and Policy Framework. 

Directive 2011/36/EU of the European Parliament and of the Council of 5 April 2011. 

Governing for Impact, Economic Policy Institute (2024). Child Labour Report. Protecting Children from Dangerous Work. 

Palermo Protocol (2000). LINK 

NCSL (2020). Human Trafficking State Laws 

U.S. Department of Justice. Key Legislation on Human Trafficking.

U.S. Department of State. 3Ps: Prosecution, Protection and Prevention.

U.S. Department of State. International Conventions Relevant to Combating Trafficking in Persons.

Victims of Trafficking and Violence Protection Act of 2000.  LINK, and amendment from 2018.